(UNFSA) has governed worldwide “long-term conservation and sustainable use” of shared fish stocks—those that bridge the legal boundaries separating the waters of nations, mainly tunas and sharks—since 2001. RFMOs Need to Do More for Troubled Populations, Starting With Applying the Best Science AvailableSources: RFMO stock assessments: Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, “Latest Stock Assessment”;Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, “Stock Assessment Reports”; International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, “Stock Assessments and Executive Summaries”; Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, “Status Summary for Species of Tuna and Tuna-Like Species Under the IOTC Mandate, as Well as Other Species Impacted by IOTC Fisheries”; Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, “Current Stock Status and Advice”Application of the ecosystem approach12 It further provides that States must “adopt, where necessary, conservation and management measures for species belonging to the same ecosystem or associated with or dependent upon the target stocks, with a view to maintaining or restoring populations of such species above levels at which their reproduction may become seriously threatened. 27, 2010); RFMO resolutions: Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, “Operational Resolutions and Other Important Documents”; Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, “IATTC Resolutions”; International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, “Resolutions, Recommendations and Other Decisions”; Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, “Conservation and Management Measures (CMMS)”; Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, “Conservation andManagement Measures”Tuna RFMOs have made significant progress on several core areas of fisheries governance since the UNFSA review conference last convened in 2016, including on the designation of reference points for key stocks, action to increase monitoring and regulation of transshipment, and initial efforts at some RFMOs to strengthen compliance regimes