SE: How much security can be done up front during the design phase? Can we verify that a device will be secure?Kelf: Security is all about figuring out the state space around a vulnerability, and then trying to verify that. As we look at some of these new applications — and automotive is the obvious one, but also medical and other things like that — are there specific vulnerabilities associated with those applications, for those custom devices that we can target with some clever design work, even before we verify? For example, you want to make sure someone’s pacemaker cannot be controlled through some satellite link. You’re starting to see that concept emerge, where the IoT is in one place and it’s much more difficult to use it as a foothold to get all the way into the house