Despite the boasts of bills and some ceremonial finger-pointing hearings aimed at tech executives, however, legal experts remained skeptical.More on the DMA: Landmark EU law could take billions from Apple, and already forced a major change at Google The passage of the DMA has led to a rapid series of actions, the latest being Amazon’s negotiation with the EU of some specific changes to its platform, which is also in response to an investigation begun a few years ago by the European Commission’s department for competition, according to Manne.Last week, acting proactively to head off the opening of formal EU investigations, the software giant announced a phased rollout of its “EU data boundary” for cloud customers and addressed EU antitrust concerns about its business practices following a complaint from Salesforce Inc.’s CRM, For more: Microsoft has avoided U.S. antitrust scrutiny, but Europe is a different matter Apple, Microsoft and Amazon are making the changes only in Europe, though, while continuing business as usual in the U.S., where agencies like the Federal Trade Commission and the Justice Department are pursuing legal actions in lieu of new laws that Congress has been unable to pass.Earlier this year, South Korean lawmakers approved rules for a law that bans Apple and Google from forcing software developers to use their payment systems, and Apple has made changes to its app practices in Japan as well, in a concession to regulators.The answer could determine the future of Apple and the rest of Big Tech The exclusion from the omnibus spending bill of legislation that would significantly alter the business models of American tech giants led some U.S. lawmakers and consumer-rights advocates to respond with a flurry of statements highlighting their frustration."